Who developed the Health Promotion Model, which centers on the patient taking an active role in managing their health?

• A. Nola J. Pender
• B. Imogene King
• C. Madeleine Leininger
• D. Ida Jean Orlando

Answer: (A)

The Health Promotion Model emphasizes empowering individuals to take an active role in managing their own health. It focuses on how a person’s beliefs, perceptions, and affect influence their motivation to engage in health-enhancing behaviors, and how social and situational factors shape those choices. Developed by Nola J. Pender, the model looks at factors like perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and the person’s interest and feelings about the activity, all within their unique experiences and environment. This framework is built on the idea that health is a dynamic process guided by deliberate actions to improve well-being, rather than a passive response to illness.

Other theorists describe different nursing approaches: Imogene King centers on the nurse–patient goal-attainment process through ongoing interactions; Madeleine Leininger emphasizes culturally congruent care; Ida Jean Orlando focuses on the nursing process and how nurses respond to patient needs and behaviors.