Which two ethical theories are identified as the primary frameworks used in health care decision-making?

• A. Utilitarianism and Deontology
• B. Virtue Ethics and Care Ethics
• C. Relativism and Objectivism
• D. Natural Law and Ethics of Care

Answer: (A)

In health care decision-making, two foundational approaches guide choices: outcomes-focused reasoning that aims to maximize overall good, and duties-based reasoning that centers on obligations and rights. Utilitarianism looks at the consequences of actions and seeks the option that produces the greatest benefit for the greatest number, which is why it’s often used in resource allocation and triage when resources are limited. Deontology emphasizes duties, rules, and patient rights—such as autonomy, informed consent, and professional obligations—so decisions respect those essential moral requirements regardless of the outcome. Together, these lenses are commonly identified as the primary frameworks shaping how health care decisions are analyzed. Other theories, like Virtue Ethics or Care Ethics, emphasize character and relational aspects, but they are not typically cited as the main frameworks in this context.