Which of the following sets includes all theorists listed as attempting to identify traits that define a profession?

• A. Abraham Flexner
• B. Elizabeth Bixler
• C. Eliza Pavalko
• D. Abraham Flexner, Elizabeth Bixler, Eliza Pavalko

Answer: (D)

The main idea here is identifying theorists who tried to define what makes a profession. The set that includes Abraham Flexner, Elizabeth Bixler, and Eliza Pavalko is the best choice because each of these scholars contributed to the discussion about criteria that distinguish a profession from other occupations. Flexner’s work in evaluating and shaping professional education, especially in medicine, helped establish expectations for rigorous training, formal schooling, and standardized standards that undergird professional status. Bixler and Pavalko contribute from a sociological angle, exploring aspects such as formal education, credentialing, autonomy, ethical norms, and the public-oriented service role that professional groups strive to uphold. Taken together, these theorists cover the range of traits commonly used to define a profession, so including all three accurately reflects the set of theorists mentioned. Choosing only one or two misses other important dimensions highlighted by the others.